In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage Collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data Collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Background and aims: With the increasing application of nanotechnology concerns about the negative effects of human exposure and environmental releases of these particles is also doubled. Among the most well-known media, ULPA filters are used to control nanoparticles. In this study, the efficiency and pressure drop of ULPA fiber bed for Collection and removal of nanoparticles were investigated.Methods: ULPA filter efficiency and pressure drop was measured by using nano-scale aerosol particle size range 70 -700 nm sucrose at different flow rates 1.58-5 cm.s-1. The ULPA filter used had a thickness of 0.4 mm. A cylindrical test system was constructed as a form of stainless steel with a filtration surface of 0.013m2. Desired particles were generated using Electrospray 3480 model particle generator. Condensation particle counter CPC Models 5.410 Gream Company was implemented to measure particle number concentration before and after filter bed and to calculate the performance.Results: Results showed that the maximum amount of substrate permeability of ULPA media (independent of the velocity rate) was for the particles of 100 nm and it was determined as the MPPS in this media. However, data analysis revealed a significant relationship between diameter and efficiency parameters of the MPPS (negative), and the MPPS (positive).Conclusion: The ULPA media used in this study with the MPPS particles of 100 nm can be introduced as a particles control substrate for experimental conditions presented in the study.

The leading targets of a tax system and its economic function include tax income increase, encouragement of production and investment, decreasing inequality and improvement of social welfare. This research investigates distributive impacts and efficiency of 9% value added tax Collection on production sector. In terms of goal , this is an applied study. The influence of value added tax (VAT) on Gini coefficient as an income distribution index was investigated. Data were analyzed by econometrics methods including panel data and EVIEWS software. To evaluate the efficiency of tax Collection (productivity ratio), input-output method was used based on the latest present table for 2011. The results revealed that exercise of a 9% VAT does not have regressiveness on production sector and does not influence on income distribution. Further, average tax Collection efficiency by production and consumption method in 2015-2018 was 39.5 and 0.32 percent and this level of VAT Collection from production sector (considering its rate) is relatively low.

This research compares the efficiency of the municipality and the government in collecting tax based on real estate. The indicators used to measure the efficiency, salary and wages per capita, and current cost, are considered as the input and tax Collection per capita (for the renovation tax of municipality) is considered as the output. The statistical population of the research includes the Tehran and Isfahan municipalities and the Iranian National Tax Administration of 29 provinces in the country in the years 2011 to 2021. In order to measure the efficiency, the window data coverage analysis approach has been used. The data used in the research estimated by EMS software. The comparison of the efficiency average in the years 2011-2021 showed that the efficiency ratio of Tehran Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Tehran Province is 1.2 and the efficiency ratio of Isfahan Municipality compared to the Iranian National Tax Administration of Isfahan Province is 2.78JEL Classification: H71, H21, R51

Background and aims: Steel industry plays an important role in air pollution and particulate emissions released to the environment. The venturi scrubber is one of the most important scrubbers and components at local exhaust ventilation which has a lot of application to control of the contaminants emissions to the atmosphere in steel industry. The efficiency of this equipment depends on how to use it, therefore, the aim of this study is determination of the efficiency of a venturi scrubber at an iron making unit. Methods: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine venturi scrubbers’ efficiency in Collection of particles of different sizes. Sampling to be fulfilled based on BS 3405 method and duct internal isokinetic sampling at 30 l/min flow before and after venturi scrubber using sampling sequence including a set of probe with standard inlet nozzle, sampler and particles classifier (the four-stage cascade impactor) which followed with the flow control and measurement equipment. The samples were analyzed using gravimetric method and the results were analyzed through SPSS v. 16. Results: The fluid velocity was in the throat of the scrubber 71. 4 m/s and the ratio of liquid to gas 1. 12 l/m3. The mean of total dust concentration was before and after venturi, 6857. 5mg/m3 and 964. 7mg/m3, respectively. The overall efficiency of the venturi scrubber was 85. 93%. The maximum removal of the particle size distribution was respectively to particle size 15μ m<, 15-4μ m, 4-1μ m and <1μ m and 93. 2%, 90. 6%, 79. 4%, 30. 4%. In effect of abrasion and leakage in duct working before scrubber, the load of the entrance dust to the scrubber at the design documents from 25. 6g/m3 changed and reduced to 6. 86g/m3 at the present status. Conclusion: It is concluded that scrubber’ s efficiency increased in parallel increasing in particle aerodynamic diameter, but its removal efficiency was not achieved to desirable level for particle size lower than 1 μ m because of inappropriate modification in some design parameters such as nozzles. Regarding decrease in load pollutant input, performance of this scrubber is not acceptable even for large particle sizes.

The Investigation of Dimensional efficiency for Branches of Maskan Bank in Resources Collection and Facilities Allocation: Approach of Super efficiency Model with Weight Restrictions. The scarcity of financial resources of banks, especially in developing countries like as Iran, leads to planning for improving efficiency and productivity. Improving efficiency needs to performance measurement and recognize of strength and weakness of bank branches. This paper has been used DEA and AHP models for investigating of dimensional efficiency of bank branches in resources Collection and resources allocation. In this paper efficient and non efficient branches are determined and finally some recommendations are presented.

Photonic crystals (PCs) with extraordinary optical properties, can be used to enhance light absorption and improve solar cell’s conversion efficiency. Prohibition of propagation for some particular wavelengths of light in PCs result in increasing the path length of light in working electrode of solar cell that enhance the probability of photon absorption. In our work, we present a two-step anodization method for manufacturing the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), having a three-dimensional roughness material as working electrode that looks like a semi-photonic crystal mesoporous structure. This approach is a facile one to produce a PClike structure and it plays a great role in improvement of output power of DSSC. Measurements show that solar cell’s photovoltaic conversion efficiency based on this 3D roughness structure is higher than the conventional DSSC.

Wheat ground beetle Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) is an important wheat pest in Iran and some regions of the world. This pest causes damage to wheat by feeding on the root, stalk, and leaves. Farmers try to control this pest by the foliar application of different insecticides, but this method causes damage to the environment. To find an effective method to control this pest, the thiamethoxam insecticide (Cruiser®) efficiency was evaluated using seed treatment in this study. An experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four treatments and four replications was conducted in a field in Ramhormoz city, Khuzestan province (Iran). The treatments were 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for seed treatment, 2,000 ppm of diazinon by field spraying at the wheat tillering stage, and a control. The results indicated that the average plant density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (333.58 and 333.28 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (258.28 plant/m2) and the control (182.12 plant/m2). The average ear density in 150 and 200 ml of thiamethoxam (513.78 and 506.12 plant/m2, respectively) was more than those of diazinon (321.22 plant/m2) and the control (260.86 plant/m2). According to the present results, farmers can use 150 ml of thiamethoxam plus 2350 ml of water for 100 kg of seeds to control this pest by seed treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developing countries'' governments face challenges in municipal solid waste Collection, such as rapidly increased volume of waste, physical and social obstacles to Collection routes, or funding shortages. The lack of practical evaluation of the waste Collection performance is considered a gap in improving the waste Collection system in these countries. This study aims to assess the efficiency of current municipal solid waste Collection by analyzing operational data that can help enhance the Collection.METHODS: The geographical information system and the geographical position system data of all active trucks were collected for 14 consecutive days using the digital map. Data on waste volume collected by trucks, waste volume at Collection points, and operational time of trucks throughout a working day were collected by survey. The operational efficiency indicators, including the deadhead rate, waste collected per distance unit, stopping time rate, and costs, are estimated to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal solid waste Collection services.FINDINGS: The results indicate that solid waste Collection efficiency of 1.67 tons/kilometers is low for high-density population areas. The deadheading rate of approximately 20 percent shows that the Collection route operated by drivers is meandering and inefficient. Although using small trucks (6–7 tons) for transporting waste to landfills over a long distance is inefficient, small vehicles are used more than large ones. Ineffective utilization of transfer stations could lead to high idle time, accounting for approximately 37.6 percent of a Collection trip. The regulated estimating method for transportation costs is not comprehensively developed, which may cause mistakes in choosing Collection vehicles for operation and transfer station usage.CONCLUSION: The research findings assess the performance and identify ineffective factors that require improvement of waste Collection, aiming to enhance the solid waste management system. Waste Collection routes of Hoan Kiem district must be designed using empirical data. The distance-based coefficients should be developed for all Collection vehicles with different loading capacities to better estimate Collection and transportation costs in Hanoi, helping decision-makers utilize the current transfer station more effectively and appropriately in choosing Collection vehicles for operation.